MDE1020 - The Beacon Roman Fortlet, Martinhoe (Monument)

Summary

A Roman fortlet briefly occupied in the 1st century AD, comprising an inner square enclosure in a subcircular outer enclosure. Excavations in the 1960s revealed the footings of three building ranges and the site of a beacon fire signalling seawards.

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Type and Period (3)

Protected Status

Full Description

The Beacon Roman Signal Station is marked at SS 6630 4933 on the 1963 Ordnance Survey map. [1] Martinhoe Beacon, the Roman fortlet, was excavated in 1960-1961 by Fox and Ravenhill. There is a small square centre enclosure, fortified with a rampart and double ditches, with a third rampart and ditch about 21.34 metres away on the landward side, forming a roughly circular outer enclosure. [2] The inner rampart was of turf, the outer of dump construction made from material from the ditch. The entrance to the inner enclosure was on the seaward side; a metalled causeway led to a double portalled gateway. The outer entrance was on the opposite (south) side, possible remains of signal fires within this enclosure. The inner enclosure contained three timber buildings; a pair of L-shaped barracks on the west and east, and a small rectangular building on the south side. Each barrack contained eight cubicles, and one had three extra rooms added some time later. The smaller building of two rooms had a small domed furnace or forge nearby, and might therefore have been used by a smith or armourer. Immediately within the intervallum were a number of clay and timber field ovens. Pottery from the excavations dated occupation to c.AD 55-75, and included Samian forms 15/17 and 18, one stamped Licinus (AD 46-65), stamped Mortarium, and native ware. Also found were two bronze coins of Nero. The fortlet is considered to have been occupied on a semi-permanent basis for about 10-20 years within the period AD 55-75, and to have been associated with the Roman Conquest of the Silures (a South Welsh tribe). There would have been sufficient room for a century of soldiers. [3] The Roman fortlet at Martinhoe has been much reduced by ploughing. Excavations in 1960/61 showed it to bear some resemblance to Hod Hill, consisting of a small central enclosure surrounded by a rampart and two ditches, and an outer enclosure formed by a rampart and ditch terminating on the cliff edge at each end. Within the outer enclosure, near the edge of the cliff and below the hill crest, was the site of a series of bonfires, indicating a beacon intended to be visible at sea rather than inland. The interior of the fortlet contained a rectangular building thought to be an armoury and two barrack blocks with accommodation for a century. Finds of Samian and coarse pottery and two coins of AD 64-8, indicated that occupation commenced in the reign of Nero and probably continued until the foundation of Caerleon circa AD 75. The excavation showed that Martinhoe succeeded the temporary fortlet at Old Burrow (MDE1223) and it therefore seems less likely that either formed part of a chain of signal posts. They were clearly placed to command an extensive view across the Bristol Channel and alert patrol ships in the event of activity by the Silures. [4] The fortlet at Martinhoe replaced, in more permanent form, the fortlet at Old Burrow with the same function of watching for landings across the Bristol Channel. [5] The earthwork is heavily ploughed; the central square enclosure is 27.43 metres in diameter, and barely visible on the surface. It is surrounded on three sides by a rampart and ditch, the fourth side being the eroded edge of the cliff. The site commands an extensive view over the Bristol Channel. The interior excavation has been infilled; the second rampart is traceable to the north and west as a bank and to the east and south as a scarp. The outer rampart is best preserved on the west side. Neither the inner nor outer entrance can be traced as a surveyable feature. The fortlet is in poor condition. Resurveyed at 1:2500. [6] The fortlet, at SS 6631 4934, is basically as described by previous authorities. The whole site is now in a rather poor condition. It has been cleared and fenced but, being ungrazed, the bracken and thistles are slowly returning. As stated the area has been much reduced by ploughing and the scarps are not quite as clear as the Ordnance Survey plan [6] suggests. The internal dimensions of the central sub-rectangular enclosure varies from about 14 metres east/west to 22 metres. [9] McDonnell [7] refers to an enclosure defined by a low bank, as being larger than that shown by the Ordnance Survey [6]. It is visible on 1946 aerial photographs [8], but doubtful on the aerial photographs of 1978 [9]. This low bank is the outer rampart around the western side and the Ordnance Survey plan [6] was checked and found to be accurate. The reconstructed plan of the fortlet [4] is not a true survey and gives a false impression of uniformity and symmetry. [10] This is an elliptical earthwork. It is undoubtedly a signalling station. There is a central enclosure, damaged by modern vandals and frequent use as a bonfire site. It has a bank measuring 2 feet 6 inches high, and an outer bank measuring 3 feet high. [11] The site lies on rough ground just south of the coastal footpath. It is covered in gorse, but otherwise appears to be in stable condition. Finds from the Fox and Ravenhill excavation are on display in the Barnstaple Athenaeum. [12] The site is virtually invisible on the 1983 aerial photograph. At Martinhoe, traces of the foundations of timber buildings were identified in excavation, leading the excavators to suggest that this site was in use for a much longer period, possibly replacing the site at Old Burrow. [13-15] Wilson classes Martinhoe amongst his "2a" category of forts; where an outwork entirely surrounds a fort. He comments on the contrast between the square plan of the fort and the circular outer enclosure. He suggests that the lack of buildings in the outer enclosure means it was possibly used for beacon material and stores. [16] The condition of the site is stable apart from a small area of erosion on the outer bank, on the northwest side. The area is being grazed by sheep. [17] Martinhoe Roman Fortlet was surveyed at 1:500 scale by RCHME staff in July 1997. The earthworks of the inner square enclosure have been spread by ploughing, and have also been distorted into a parallelogram shape. The inner enclosure now survives as a substantial flat topped mound with very spread scarps. Its entrance could not be located on the ground. The outer enclosure survives best on the west and southwest, where it is visible as a well defined bank with traces of an outer ditch. Along the south and east, it becomes gradually fainter. The northern part of the outer enclosure was either never constructed or has slipped over the cliff edge. The site is now fenced off separately from the surrounding fields and is subject to low level management by the National Trust, which includes strimming and mowing the sward on the earthworks. [18-21] The shape and poor preservation of the earthworks can in part be explained from the aerial photograph, which shows an area of substantial medieval ridge and furrow to the east of the fort. It originally ran much closer to or even across the site.[39] The fortlet at Martinhoe is visible on aerial photographs as a series of low earthworks comprising the structures described above. There are no traces of any interior structures visible on the photographs. Due to the extent of plough damage the features are best viewed on oblique photography. The site is clearly also at risk from coastal erosion, and it appears from the aerial photographs that the northern bank and ditch of the outer enclosure have already been lost over the cliff edge. [40-42] The height called Martinhoe was prominent enough to give its name to the parish and is visible over much of northeast Devon and from the great Somerset beacon of Dunkery. It is an elliptical work with an outer vallum about 900 millimetres high and a small central ring with a damaged vallum about 760 millimetres high. [43] The Scheduled Monument Condition Assessment of 2009 gave the site a score of 5. [45] The site was surveyed in May 2015 as part of the 2015 Exmoor Scheduled Monument Condition Assessment. It was given a survival score of 9. [46] Monument record reviewed as part of NRHE to HER pilot project. [47,48] A paper suggests that the landscape position of the fortlet implies it was intended to strengthen preexisting measures to counter coastal raiding. [49] The site has extensive views of the Bristol Channel but only a limited view inland and is not intervisible with Old Burrow (MDE1223), with which it may or may not be contemporary. Jones disputes that the forts were positioned to deal with a naval threat and notes that visibility at both sites often does not allow a good view of Wales apart from in the very best weather conditions. He instead suggests the sites may have acted as observation posts or headland warning beacons, with nearby safe haven protection and possibly with a "lighthouse" capability. [50]

Sources/Archives (50)

  • <1> Map: Ordnance Survey. 1963. 6 Inch Map: 1963. Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division.
  • <2> Article in serial: Fox, A.. 1961. 26th Report on Archaeology and Early History. Transactions of the Devonshire Association. 93. P.76-78.
  • <3> Article in serial: Fox, A. + Ravenhill, W.L.D.. 1966. Early Roman Outposts on the North Devon Coast, Old Burrow and Martinhoe. Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Exploration Society. 24. P.13-35, Photographs.
  • <4> Monograph: Fox, A.. 1973. South-West England, 3500BC-AD600 . David and Charles Limited. Revised Edition. P.138, 163, Plan.
  • <5> Article in serial: Frere, S.. 1967. Comments. Britannia: A Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies. 93.
  • <6> Unpublished document: Fletcher, M.J.. Field Investigators Comments. Ordnance Survey visit, F1, 21 August 1972. Resurveyed at 1:2500.
  • <7> Survey: Western Archaeological Trust. 1980s. Exmoor Aerial Photograph Survey. R McDonnell, SS6649a.
  • <8> Aerial photograph: Royal Air Force. 1946 -1948. Vertical Aerial Photography. 106G/UK1655/3161-2 (July 1946).
  • <9> Aerial photograph: Meridian Air Maps. 1977-1978. Infrared False Colour Aerial Photography. 2587 (June 1978).
  • <10> Unpublished document: Sainsbury, I.S.S. Field Investigators Comments. RCHME Field Investigation, 8 June 1993.
  • <11> Monograph: Page, W. (editor). 1906. The Victoria History of the County of Devon. Archibald Constable and Company, Limited (London). 1. P.607-608, Plan.
  • <12> Verbal communication: Various. Various. Oral Information. SC Timms, 18 October 1982. Site visited by F Griffith and S Timms in 1980.
  • <13> Aerial photograph: Griffith, F.. 1980s-1990s. Oblique aerial photographs of the Devon part of Exmoor National Park. DAP/B 13 (14 August 1983).
  • <14> Aerial photograph: Griffith, F.. 1980s-1990s. Oblique aerial photographs of the Devon part of Exmoor National Park. DAP/UB 9-15 (1 March 1991).
  • <15> Monograph: Griffith, F. M.. 1988. Devon's Past: An Aerial View. 75. P.54.
  • <16> Article in serial: Wilson, D.R.. 1984. Defensive Outworks of Roman Forts in Britain. Britannia : A Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies. 15. P.53-55.
  • <17> Report: National Trust. 1994. Archaeological Site Monitoring Report. Site visit by Goodwin, 7 May 1994.
  • <18> Unpublished document: Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England. Field Investigators Comment. R Wilson-North and H Riley, 16 July 1997.
  • <19> Technical drawing: Martinhoe Roman Fort Pencil Survey.
  • <20> Survey: Wilson-North, R. + Riley, H.. 1997. Martinhoe Roman Fort Ink Survey. 1:500. General: Permatrace. Pen and Ink.
  • <21> Collection: RCHME Exeter. 1993-1999. Exmoor Project.
  • <22> Monograph: Collingwood, R.G. and Richmond, I.. 1969. Archaeology of Roman Britain. Methuen Young Books. 2nd Edition. Photograph.
  • <23> Archive: Fortlet Resembling Hod Hill, Postdates Old Burrow, Contemporary with Caerleon c75AD. BB74/04463.
  • <24> Article in serial: Radford, C.A.R.. 1934 - 1935. Roman Signal Stations in North Devon. Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries. 18. P.214.
  • <25> Map: Ordnance Survey. 1928-1938. 6 Inch Map: 1928-1938, 3rd Edition. 1:10560. 2SE.
  • <26> Unpublished document: Fox, A.. 1960.
  • <27> Article in serial: 1961. Interim Report, Journal of Roman Studies, 51. Journal of Roman Studies. 51. P.188.
  • <28> Article in serial: 1962. Interim Report, Journal of Roman Studies, 52. Journal of Roman Studies. 52. P.184.
  • <29> Index: Ordnance Survey. Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division Record Card. SS64NE2. Plan section.
  • <30> Article in serial: Fox, A.. 1963. 27th Report on Archaeology and Early History. Transactions of the Devonshire Association. 95. P.83.
  • <31> Article in serial: Fox, A. + Ravenhill, W.. 1965. Martinhoe and Old Burrow. Antiquity. 39. P.253-258.
  • <32> Article in serial: Joseph, J.K.St.. 1953. Air Reconnaissance of Southern Britain. Journal of Roman Studies. 43. pp 81-97. P.81-97.
  • <33> Article in serial: Bushe-Fox, J.P.. 1932. Some Notes on Roman Coast Defences. Journal of Roman Studies. 22. P.71-72.
  • <34> Article in serial: Chanter, J.F.. 1906. The Parishes of Lynton and Countisbury. Transactions of the Devonshire Association. 38. 114-224. P.119, Plate.
  • <35> Aerial photograph: Cambridge University Collection. CUC/CG 64-65 (16 June 1949).
  • <36> Aerial photograph: Cambridge University Collection. CUC/ANM 81-83 (28 April 1966).
  • <37> Aerial photograph: National Monuments Record. SS6435: SF1507/347 (24 April 1979).
  • <38> Leaflet: Fox, A.. 1991. Martinhoe Beacon - The Roman Fortlet. Devon Archaeological Society. Field Guide Number Seven.
  • <39> Report: Wilson-North, R.. 1999. Old Burrow and Martinhoe: The Roman Fortlets on Exmoor. P.6, 9.
  • <40> Aerial photograph: Various. Various. Oblique Aerial Photograph. NMR SS 6549.2 (15604.32) (14 January 1997).
  • <41> Aerial photograph: Various. Various. Vertical Aerial Photograph. MAL 76057 125 (4 August 1976).
  • <42> Archive: Exmoor National Park National Mapping Programme: SS 64 NE. MD002172.
  • <43> Article in serial: Russell, P. M. G.. 1955. Fire Beacons in Devon. Transactions of the Devonshire Association. 87. P.260, 277.
  • <44> Aerial photograph: Various. Various. Oblique Aerial Photograph. NMR 6649.
  • <45> Report: Bray, L.S.. 2010. Scheduled Monument Condition Assessment 2009, Exmoor National Park.
  • <46> Report: Gent, T. and Manning, P.. 2015. Exmoor National Park Scheduled Monument Condition Survey 2015. Archaedia.
  • <47> Archive: Historic England. 2016. NRHE to HER prototype website test. 34615.
  • <48> Digital archive: Historic England. Various. National Record of the Historic Environment (NRHE) entry. 34615, Extant 26 April 2021.
  • <49> Article in serial: Symonds, M.. 2018. A composite coastal cordon on Exmoor? Exploring local influence on First-Century AD fortlet use. Britannia : A Journal of Romano-British and Kindred Studies. 49. 53-77.
  • <50> Unpublished document: Jones, J.E.. 2004. Water transport in the Bristol Channel, Wales and the Marches, during the Romano-British period. 5, 70-73, 75, 87, 144, 180, 184, 188, 246-247.

External Links (2)

Other Statuses/References

  • Devon SMR Monument ID: 2021
  • Devon SMR Monument ID: 2022
  • Devon SMR: SS64NE/2
  • Devon SMR: SS64NE/2/1
  • Exmoor National Park HER Number (now deleted): MDE20102
  • Exmoor National Park HER Number (now deleted): MDE20103
  • Exmoor National Park HER Number (now deleted): MMO13
  • Local List Status (No)
  • National Monuments Record reference: SS 64 NE2
  • National Park: Exmoor National Park
  • National Trust HER Record: MNA107809
  • NBR Index Number: 1269150
  • NBR Index Number: RCH01/111
  • NRHE HOB UID (Pastscape): 34615
  • ViewFinder: 15604/32

Map

Location

Grid reference Centred SS 6631 4933 (95m by 87m) Surveyed
Map sheet SS64NE
Civil Parish MARTINHOE, NORTH DEVON, DEVON

Finds (0)

Related Monuments/Buildings (0)

Related Events/Activities (6)

Related Articles (1)

Record last edited

Aug 12 2021 12:56PM

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